ҐЕНЕЗА РОЗВИТКУ ІНСТИТУТУ АДВОКАТУРИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІЯХ В СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧЧІ ТА ЗА ЧАСИ ІМПЕРІЙ. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF ADVOCACY IN THE UKRAINIAN TERRITORIES IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND UNDER EMPIRES
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Date
2023
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Abstract
Розглянуто історію розвитку інституту адвокатури на українських територіях. В рамках аналізованого часового проміжку виокремлено період Середньовіччя та імперський період. Перший – період існування стародавньої державності на українських територіях – характеризується відсутністю професійного захисту в процесі. Другий – імперський період. Характеризовано тим, що державні утворення, до яких входили сучасні українські території, напрацьовували власні підходи в напрямі запровадження функції захисту в процес та розвитку статусу осіб, які на професійній основі здійснювали захист обвинувачених. Досліджено законодавчі та нормативно-правові акти Великого князівства Литовського, Ерцгерцогства Австрія, російської імперії та інших державних утворень, які стосувались інституту адвокатури. A deep understanding of the modern institution of advocacy, as well as the search for effective ways to solve its problems, is impossible without addressing issues of the history of the development of the defense function. The purpose of the paper is a
historical and comparative analysis of the organizational design and development of the Institute of Advocacy in the Ukrainian territories in the Middle Ages and under the empires.
We highlighted and researched two global periods of formation and development of the legal profession in Ukrainian territories: the Middle Ages and the imperial period. The first - the period of existence of ancient statehood on Ukrainian territories - is characterized by the absence of professional protection in the process. Certain features of protection can be traced in the actions that were inherent in "listening". The second is the imperial period. The state entities, which included the modern Ukrainian territories, developed their own approaches in the direction of introducing the function of protection into the process and developing the status of persons who, on a professional basis, performed the defense of the accused. Thus, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the function of protection was entrusted to the deputy and procurator. With the development of legislation, the former acts as an authorized person of the defendant, and the latter as her professional representative. Prosecutors' offices in form and especially in terms of activity were lawyers, in their modern understanding, who were entrusted with the function of defending defendants. In various editions of the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the range of cases that could be under the jurisdiction of prosecutors is fixed and expanded; activities of private and public defenders, etc. are organized. After the unification of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the existing institution of defenders also operated on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the Archduchy of Austria, and later in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, lawyers had the right to speak in court. Throughout the existence of these states, special attention was paid to the quality of the legal profession, issues related to organizational and professional requirements for applicants who wanted to become lawyers were clearly regulated. In the Russian Empire, the institute of sworn attorneys (lawyers) was introduced into the court system during the judicial reform of 1864, which introduced professional corporate advocacy. Before the reform, the status of attorneys was equated to the status of hired servants, their participation in the process was insignificant, which was explained by objective reasons - the dominance of the investigative form of the court process.
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інститут адвокатури, адвокат, захисник, прокуратор, повірений, Велике князівство Литовське, Ерцгерцогство Австрія, Російська Імперія, Institute of Advocacy, lawyer, defender, procurator, attorney, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Archduchy of Austria, Russian Empire