Теоретичні та методичні основи експертизи встановлення давності документу. Theoretical and Methodological Bases of the Forensic Examination of the Document Age Setting.
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Date
2020-08
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Abstract
У дисертації розроблено теоретичні та методичні основи експертизи встановлення давності документу. Розглянуто поняття судової експертизи та експертного дослідження, обґрунтовано їх співвідношення як форми та змісту. Запропоновано визначення експертизи встановлення давності документу. Встановлено місце експертизи встановлення давності документу в системі судових експертиз і її значення в кримінальному провадженні. Визначено поняття, ознаки, зміст і принципи судово-експертної діяльності в галузі експертизи давності документу. Виокремлено систему методів і засобів дослідження при проведенні експертизи встановлення давності документу. Визначено загальні положення методики експертних досліджень при встановленні давності документу. Наведено криміналістичні рекомендації щодо підготовки та призначення експертизи встановлення давності документу. Розглянуто алгоритм дій судового експерта при проведенні експертизи встановлення давності документу. Охарактеризовано особливості оцінки висновку експерта слідчим, судом і його використання в кримінальному провадженні. В диссертации разработаны теоретические и методические основы экспертизы установления давности документа. The dissertation presents theoretical and methodological bases of the forensic examination of the document age setting. The concepts of forensic expertise and expert examination have been considered. The correlation between the expertise and expert examination as forms and content has been substantiated. The author has suggested to understand the forensic examination of the document age setting as a study of a document for the purpose of determining the prescription of its manufacture or chronological sequence of writing separate parts and drawing of identification marks, which is carried out by the expert in the cases prescribed by law and using the achievements of science, technical means and techniques of expert research, on the instructions of the investigating judge or a court granted at the request of a party to criminal proceedings. It has been established the place of expertise of establishing the statute of limitations of a document in the system of judicial examinations and its significance in criminal proceedings. The general provisions for understanding the object and subject of examination have been explained. It have been separated and characterized such objects of the forensic examination of the document age setting as details of the document, writing materials and comparative material. The subject of the forensic examination of the document age setting has been defined. Forensic activities in the field of examination of the document age setting have been offered to understand the activities of authorized entities aimed at ensuring the organization and conducting an independent, qualified, complete and objective study of the document in order to determine the prescription of its manufacture or the chronological sequence of writing separate parts and drawing identification marks using the achievements of science, technical means and techniques of expert research. The principles of forensic expert activity in the field of examination of the statute of limitations of the document have been outlined. The constituent elements, which in their totality form the content of forensic activities in the field of examination of the statute of limitations of the document, have been determined. It has been established that during forensic examination of the document age setting the court expert uses a system of general and special methods, as well as research tools. It has been found that the choice of research methods in conducting the forensic examination of limitation of the document depends on many factors – the content of the expert task, the principles of forensic activity, in particular the principle of maximum conservation of objects, the chosen method or methods of expert research. The general provisions of the methodology of expert research in establishing the document age have been determined. The necessity to distinguish in the tactics of conducting the forensic examination of the document age setting such three stages as preparation and appointment of the examination of the document age setting; conducting the examination of the document age setting and drawing up the expert’s opinion; assessment of the expert’s opinion by the investigator, the court and its use in criminal proceedings, have been justified. It have been characterized the features of each stage of the tactics of conducting the forensic examination of the document age setting. It has been noted that in assessing the expert’s opinion, one should exclude the possibility of expert error. The main directions of using expert’s opinion in criminal proceedings have been named.
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Keywords
судова експертиза, експертне дослідження, криміналістична експертиза, технічна експертиза документів, експертиза встановлення давності документу, абсолютний вік документу, відносний вік документу, судово-експертна діяльність, forensic expertise, expert research, forensic examination, technical examination of documents, forensic examination of the document age setting, absolute age of the document, relative age of the document, forensic activity