12.00.01 - теорія та історія держави і права; історія політичних і правових учень

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Browsing 12.00.01 - теорія та історія держави і права; історія політичних і правових учень by Author "Mazur, Tamara"

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    Охорона культурної спадщини в Україні: історико- й теоретико-правове дослідження. Protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine: historical and theoretical legal research.
    (2021-03) Мазур, Тамара Вікторівна; Mazur, Tamara
    У дисертації обґрунтовано методологічні засади роботи, розкрито еволюцію та сучасне розуміння основних термінів і понять, проаналізовано джерельну базу дослідження й подано її авторську класифікацію. Виокремлено основні напрями наукових досліджень правової охорони культурної спадщини в Україні та за кордоном. Встановлено, що в цілому законодавство України у сфері охорони культурної спадщини відповідає основним міжнародним нормам, однак потребує подальшого удосконалення. Наведені авторські пропозиції щодо удосконалення чинного законодавства. Окремі пропозиції сформульовані щодо ухвалення підзаконних актів. The methodological principles of the work are substantiated, the evolution and contemporary understanding of the basic terms and concepts are revealed, the sourcies of the research are analyzed and their author's classification is given. The main directions of scientific research of cultural heritage legal protection in Ukraine and abroad are singled out. Analysis of the legislative provision for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine during the years of independence made it possible to distinguish three main stages: 1) 1990 – 1999; 2) 2000 – 2010; 3) 2011 – 2020. Analysis of legal acts of the UN, UNESCO, Council of Europe gave grounds to assert the high level of their implementation in the national legislation of Ukraine both by ratification and taking into account their main provisions in special laws of Ukraine: "On Culture", "On Cultural Heritage", "On Protection of Archaeological Heritage", "On the export, import and return of cultural property", etc. In addition, the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine have been amended to bring their norms in line with international ones in terms of liability for violations of monument protection legislation. Additional arguments are given on the need to improve national legislation in accordance with international norms and standards. It is proposed to adopt amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Protection of Cultural Heritage" to bring a number of basic terms and concepts in line with the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, as well as the protection of cultural heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Due to the need to protect cultural heritage in the annexed Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the zone of armed conflict in Donbass, it is necessary to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on Offenses Related to Cultural Property of 2017. Given the specifics of intangible cultural heritage, it is proposed to adopt laws to bring national legislation in accordance with the norms of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of 2003. A number of legislative acts should also be amended in order to make institutional changes and state policy of cultural heritage protection reform. It is substantiated that the borrowing of foreign experience of cultural heritage legal protection should take into account the peculiarities of the national legal system. Among European countries, the experience of France, Italy and Poland is highlighted and can be useful for Ukraine: 1) adoption of a set of legislative changes aimed at intensifying the institution of patronage; 2) adoption by the parliament of program laws on the protection of cultural heritage for a period of five years with the publication of an annual report on their implementation; 3) compulsory alienation of the monument from the owner, that does not comply with the monument protection legislation; 4) transfer of management of cultural heritage sites to specialized companies; 5) introduction of state support for activists of monument protection organizations – from providing discounts on visits to museums, galleries, etc. to tax benefits; 6) creation of cultural parks for protection of the cultural landscape and preservation of landscape territories with immovable monuments, typical for the local tradition of construction and settlement. It is established that in general the legislation of Ukraine in the field of cultural heritage protection meets the basic international norms, but needs further improvement. It is proposed to codify the relevant legislation in the future, adopting the Code of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine also considered it expedient to develop and approve the National Program for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, to amend the laws of Ukraine: "On Protection of Cultural Heritage", "On Regulation of Urban Development", "On Architectural Activity", "On Basic Principles of State Supervision in the field of economic activity", to the Tax and Criminal Codes of Ukraine and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. Some proposals are formulated for the adoption of sublegal regulation.