Юридико-лінгвістична теорія правознавства. Legaland linguistic theory of jurisprudence.
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Date
2020-01
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Abstract
Дисертацію присвячено взаємозв’язкам права і мови. Сформульовано низку положень і висновків, які становлять юридико-лінгвістичну теорію правознавства. Систематизовано та класифіковано наукові юридико-лінгвістичні дослідження. Доведено необхідність проведення дескрипції юридико-лінгвістичних аспектів у розумінні права через трьохелементну структуру розуміння права (суб’єкт, об’єкт, засоби). Описано процес формування системи юридико-лінгвістичних знань з визначенням його стадій. Сформовано положення теорії юридичного тлумачення в частині визначення юридичної інтерпретації як обов’язкового елементу процесу реалізації нормативних приписів прескриптиних текстів. Обґрунтовано необхідність розширення предмета юридичної лінгвістики шляхом включення до нього символьної природи права. Запропоновано коригування змісту правничої освіти в контексті запровадження обов’язкового опанування основами правової аргументації. Визначено роль юридичної лінгвістики у сфері професійної діяльності юристів в умовах романо-германського права через характеристику трьох видів правничої діяльності (наукової, освітньої та практичної). Наведено класифікацію лінгвістичних вимог до тексту нормативно-правових актів на групи. Охарактеризовано стан та визначено шляхи (перспективи) розвитку правової системи України в юридико-лінгвістичному аспекті. Диссертация посвящена взаимосвязям права и языка. Сформулирован ряд положений и выводов, составляющих юридико-лингвистическую теорию правоведения. The thesis contains the chain of provisions and conclusions forming legal and linguistic theory of jurisprudence. It is found out that the intention of the legal thought as to interrelation of law and language takes place only in the end of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century, thus the development of the legal linguistics occurs mostly within the Germans and the Roman law family, the initial stage of which has become the edition of the paper with the same name «Legal Linguistics» (Rechtlinguistik)by Adalbert Podleh in 1976.
It is defined that the presupposition of the scientific cognition of the legal linguistics itself as well as its subject is social and cultural law paradigm, according to which law and other legal phenomena should be viewed as social and cultural stipulating the necessity of taking into account of the legal culture, within which has arisen and continue functioning the studied phenomenon or subject, and also the necessity of bringing in not only rational, but also sensible cognitive measures.
The thesis systematizes and classifies scientific legal and linguistic studies selecting the studies where the researcher’s intention is moved to the linguistic aspect; the studies where the researcher’s intention is moved to the legal aspect; the studies where the researcher’s intention is moved to the psychological, sociological or the anthropological aspects; the language there is the instrument for cognition within the law system.
It is proved the necessity of conducting of description of legal and linguistic aspects within the understanding law through the three elements structure of understanding of law (subject, object, and means), allowing to reveal the interrelation of these elements and terminological system which is used for denominating of law and other law phenomena. Presupposition of the principle of legal certainty and also peculiarity of law stipulates the necessity of consideration of linguistics and linguistic means as the essential constituent of understanding of law by the principal law schools.
The author has described the process of forming of the system of legal and linguistic knowledge determining its two stages: the stage of naturally formed terminology; the stage of the purposeful activity as to regulation of terminology, formation of terminological system and setting its standards providing that preponderance of the statual terms over the genuine ones for the formed terminological system is immanent. Accommodation of the system of national law to new conditions, including the implementation of new concepts, stipulates borrowing of new terms. One of means of formation of the system of legal and linguistic knowledge is the autonomous notions, the use of which allows proving the following affirmation: non ex regula ius sumatur, sed ex iure quod est, regula fiat.
Attention is paid to interrelation of law and language in the context of assistance in development of a language in formation of law symbols and, contrariwise, assistance in development of law in «linguistic expansion» of language; law particularly soft law is a formalized speech act and symbolic binding of «purposes about the rules of behavior», the language appears as the epistemological base of cognition of law.
The principles of the theory of juridical interpretation in the part of determination of juridical interpretation as a compulsory element of the process of realization of the normative instructions of the prescriptive texts, anticipating perception of law with the help of linguistic means and the necessity of the complex use of the linguistic and hermeneutic means of cognition of the contents of the normative principle are formed/
The description of the role of the legal linguistics in the sphere of the professional activities of lawyers in the circumstances of the Germans and the Roman law through the characteristic of the three types of law activities (scientific, educational and practical) is performed in the paper.
The arguments in favor of the appropriateness of widening the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the legal science with the term «law culture» (law civilization), the use of which allows to avoid connecting of law solely with the activities of the bodies of the public authorities and is based on the immanent to law social culture are provided.
It is suggested the classification of the linguistic demands towards the text of normative and law acts into two groups: the text of the normative and legal act should be precise, non multi meaningful and clear, only then it may be realized in the way, as made provision by the subjects of juridical norms formation.
That is why the used lexis should be generally used; the text of the normative and legal act should be precise, non multi meaningful, therefore the lexis of the legislation should be special, inherent to official and business style.
The state of development of the legal system of Ukraine in the legal and linguistic aspect is characterized and the ways (prospects) are determined, in particular, the state of the legal system in the legal and linguistic aspect is characterized by: dynamism, the change of ideology from normativism to the natural understanding of law, by active expansion of the legal language by way of borrowing of western concepts. The main prospects for the development of the legal system of Ukraine are as follows: in the legal worldview it is the implementation of legal concepts of natural law by means of change and expansion of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of jurisprudence; in educational activities it is modernization of legal education with the strengthening of the practical aspect and the role of professional ethics, the formation of conventional thinking; in the system of legislation it is the unification of legal terminology, the use of gender sensitive lexis; in legal practice it is proper argumentation of the decisions taken; in legal communication it is improvement of interaction on the basis of understanding of social culture which is immanent to legal sphere.
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Keywords
юридико-лінгвістична теорія, інтерпретація правових текстів, мова права, правова аргументація, юридико-лингвистическая теория, интерпретация правовых текстов