Browsing by Author "DASHKOVSKA, Olena"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    ГРОШОВИЙ СУРОГАТ ЯК ЮРИДИЧНА КАТЕГОРІЯ: ЗАГАЛЬНОТЕОРЕТИЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА. MONETARY SURROGATE AS A LEGAL CATEGORY: GENERAL THEORETICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    (2021) ДАШКОВСЬКА, Олена Ростиславівна; DASHKOVSKA, Olena; ВАСЮТІН, Владислав Олександрович; VASIUTIN, Vladyslav
    У сучасних правових системах грошові сурогати є нестандартним явищем, що актуалізує потребу загальнотеоретичного дослідження поняття та змісту терміна «грошовий сурогат» як юридичної категорії. У ході аналізу наукових джерел, присвячених проблемі функціонування феномену «грошового сурогату», виявлено кілька підходів трактування даного фінансового інструменту. У статті визначено специфіку феномена «грошовий сурогат», запропоновано класифікацію форм грошових сурогатів і сформульовано детальний перелік ознак, що характеризують замінники легітимних форм грошей. The emergence of monetary surrogates is a consequence of the inability to comprehensively meet the public needs for servicing the turnover of various objects (property, rights, etc.) solely with the help of money. Bringing a short-term positive economic effect, monetary surrogates compete with state money, disrupting money circulation. An important role in limiting monetary surrogates is played by legal remedies, the effective use of which is possible only if the content of the legal category «monetary surrogate» is determined. At the same time, the norms of law do not disclose its content, and in the scientific community there is a discussion on this issue, while its vector is shifted towards understanding the monetary surrogate only as a means of payment, unnecessarily narrowing it. The reliability and validity of the results are achieved through the integrated application of the comparative legal method (when comparing the concepts of money and monetary surrogate, as well as other single-order legal categories), logical-theoretical methods, and other research methods. As a result of the study, the authors tried to determine the content of the legal category «monetary surrogate» from the standpoint of his main economic functions of money, which allows not only to distinguish this category from related concepts, but effectively apply various legal restrictions, which the use of monetary surrogates. Theoretical bases of research of private monetary systems are developed, in particular, their classification on the following signs is carried out: appointment, the status of the issuer, sphere of distribution. It is determined that the main reasons for the emergence of private money are the insufficiency or unsuitability of public currencies to service economic relations. The place of electronic money in the modern globalized economy is highlighted. It was found that the emergence of cryptocurrencies initiated a new stage in the development of the monetary system, which is characterized by the lack of a single issuer and the inability of the state to regulate them.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ВИБОРЧОГО ПРОЦЕСУ. SPECIFICS OF THE UKRAINIAN ELECTION SYSTEM
    (2021) ДАШКОВСЬКА, Олена Ростиславівна; DASHKOVSKA, Olena; ТКАЧОВА, Вікторія Сергіївна; TKACHOVA, Viktoriia; ЛАВРИК, Павло Юрійович; LAVRIK, Pavlo
    У статті сформульовано поняття виборчого процесу. Роз’яснюється становлення виборчого процесу в Україні з ХІХ ст. під впливом досвіду іноземних держав. Зазначена зміна виборчого законодавства в Україні з 1989 р. до 2004 р. Проаналізовано основні види виборчих систем таких, як мажоритарна, пропорційна та змішана. Визначено особливості цих виборчих систем в Україні. Підкреслено, що оптимальною системою волевиявлення громадян в Україні є пропорційна, що підкріплено думкою Парламентської Асамблеї Ради Європи та досвідом інших європейських держав. Детально розглянуто основні положення Виборчого Кодексу України, який набув чинності 1 січня 2020 р. Особливу увагу приділено питанням гендерної рівності під час виборів. У висновку наголошено, що виборчий процес в Україні пройшов складний шлях становлення та законодавство про вибори досить перебуває у процесі розроблення. The paper considers the concept of the election process as an activity related to the exercise of suffrage. The list of subjects of the election process has been determined. The formation of the institution of elections under the influence of external factors is explained. The formation of the electoral process in Ukraine since the XIX century is analyzed under the influence of foreign states such as the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary. The introduction of elections in the second half of the XIX century is considered in details in connection with the reform. The change of the electoral legislation in Ukraine from 1989 to 2004 is noted. The main types of electoral systems such as majority, proportional and mixed are analyzed. The peculiarities of the majority electoral system, which has been operating in Ukraine for a long time, and the proportional one, which is currently used in accordance with the Electoral Code of January 1, 2020, have been identified. The issue of choosing the most effective electoral system, on the example of majority, proportional and mixed systems, is considered in detail. It is concluded that the optimal system of popular expression of will of citizens in Ukraine is proportional, which is supported by the opinion of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the example of the development of other European states. The importance of a stable electoral system in Ukraine is noted. The main provisions of the Electoral Code of Ukraine, which entered into force on January 1, 2020, are considered. The election process and innovations of the Electoral Code of Ukraine are considered in detail. Particular attention was paid to the issue of gender equality during the elections, which caused a lot of discussion among Ukrainian politicians and European countries. The conclusion emphasizes that the electoral process in Ukraine has gone through a difficult and long path of formation, but the election legislation is quite at the stage of formation and development, due to difficult circumstances in the Ukrainian state to build civil society.